The Underwater World of Dragonflies
Dragonflies begin their life cycle as eggs, which are laid on or near water surfaces. These eggs hatch into nymphs, also known as larvae, which lead an entirely aquatic life. Larvae are voracious predators, feeding on other aquatic insects, tadpoles, newts and even small fish. They possess extendable jaws that allow them to take prey with astonishing speed and accuracy.
The larval stage can last anywhere from a few months to several years, depending on the species and environmental conditions. During this time, they undergo multiple molts, shedding their exoskeletons to grow larger.
Identification of dragonfly larvae is based on looking at morphological features and is not too difficult to identify a ‘type’ of dragonfly. In the flied, you will need a pond net, binoculars and a hand lens. It is even possible to distinguish certain species however, some damselflies often requires microscopy by looking at tiny hairs on the jaw or gills.
Emergence: Transformation from Water to Air
When the nymphs are fully grown and conditions are right, they crawl out of the water onto a plant stem or other surface, where they begin their metamorphosis. The nymph’s skin splits open, and the adult dragonfly called teneral, gradually emerges. The skin that is left behind is called exuviae, an important piece in species identification, also a proof that the species is breeding at the site.
Emergence can take several hours, during which the dragonfly pumps fluid into its wings to expand them. Once the wings are fully developed and hardened, the dragonfly’s life on the wing begins.
The Adult Dragonfly's Short but Spectacular Life
Adult dragonflies are known for their incredible flying ability which makes them highly effective hunters.
During short lifespan of the adult stage, typically living for few weeks and up to two months, their primary focus is on feeding and reproduction. Males often engage in aerial battles to defend their territories and attract females.
Dragonflies vs. Damselflies: Key Differences to Know
Dragonflies and damselflies are often confused but there are key differences between the two.
Both are found in same dragonfly order Odonata; however Damselflies are in suborder Zygoptera whereas Dragonflies are in suborder Anisoptera. They all display dazzling colours and have absurdly long and thin abdomens. One of the easiest ways to distinguish them is by their wing positions. Dragonflies rest with their wings open, perpendicular to their bodies, while damselflies hold their wings together, parallel over their backs.
Another difference is that dragonflies have broader bodies and larger eyes that touch or nearly touch at the top of their heads. In contrast, damselflies have slimmer bodies and their eyes are separated on either side of their heads. These distinctions can help you identify next time you encounter them. Still in doubt? Check out an online identification guide by the British Dragonfly Society at https://british-dragonflies.org.uk/
